30岁找不到工作很绝望

by Danielle Ormshaw

丹妮尔·欧姆肖(Danielle Ormshaw)

计算机为绝望的新编码员工作方式的快速指南 (The quick guide to the way computers work for desperate new coders)

The sole purpose of your computer is to send and receive information in the form of numbers — one and zero.

您计算机的唯一目的是以数字形式(一和零)发送和接收信息。

When I first understood the weight of that concept, I became transfixed. How can we create such complex interactions from a series of ones and zeros?

当我第一次理解这个概念的重要性时，我变得无所适从。 我们如何通过一系列的一和零来创建如此复杂的交互作用？

I poured over computer science texts, and scoured the internet. I was struggling to understand how it all plugged together. This is the guide I wish I had found months ago, when I first started this journey.

我倾注了计算机科学课本，并搜寻了互联网。 我在努力了解所有这些如何连接在一起。 我希望这是几个月前第一次开始此旅程时找到的指南。

人类使用十进制系统进行交流 (Humans communicate using the decimal system)

When humans want to communicate using numbers, they use the decimal system. The decimal system has ten digits (0–9), and humans interpret it based on the column those digits appear in. Consider the decimal number 148. When you read this example, you subconsciously follow the steps below:

当人们想要使用数字进行交流时，他们使用十进制。 十进制系统有十个数字(0–9)，人类根据这些数字出现的列进行解释。考虑十进制数字148。在阅读本示例时，您会下意识地遵循以下步骤：

1. Multiply the right-most number by 10^0.
   最右边的数字乘以10 ^ 0。
2. Multiply the middle number by 10^1.
   中间数字乘以10 ^ 1。
3. Multiply the left-most number by 10^2.
   最左边的数字乘以10 ^ 2。
4. Add the outputs from steps 1–3.
   添加步骤1-3的输出。

Using this system, you were able to extrapolate the correct meaning — one hundred and forty eight.

使用此系统，您可以推断正确的含义-148。

In the decimal system, we always multiply digits by 10 to the power of something. Every time we add a new column to the left-hand side of the table, that power must increase by one. In this way, we say that the decimal system has a base of 10. Simple enough?

在十进制系统中，我们总是将数字乘以10以乘以某物的幂。 每次我们在表格的左侧添加新列时，该功效必须增加一。 这样，我们说十进制的底数为10。

计算机使用二进制系统进行通信 (Computers communicate using the binary system)

When computers want to communicate, they use a similar system. The binary system has two digits (0,1), and we can break it down in the same manner as the decimal system. This time, instead of working with a base of 10, we are working with a base of 2.

当计算机要通信时，它们使用类似的系统。 二进制系统有两位数字(0,1)，我们可以用与十进制相同的方式来分解它。 这次，我们以2为底数，而不是以10为底数。

Consider the binary number 110. When a computer interprets this binary code, it will follow the steps below:

考虑二进制数字110。当计算机解释此二进制代码时，它将遵循以下步骤：

1. Multiply the right-most number by 2^0.
   最右边的数字乘以2 ^ 0。
2. Multiply the middle number by 2^1.
   中间数字乘以2 ^ 1。
3. Multiply the left-most number by 2^2.
   最左边的数字乘以2 ^ 2。
4. Add the outputs from steps 1–3.
   添加步骤1-3的输出。

Again, every time we add a new column to the left-hand side of the table, we need to increase the power by one.

同样，每次我们在表格的左侧添加新列时，都需要将功效增加一。

互联网是一个物理系统，旨在传递信息 (The internet is a physical system, designed to move information)

We’ve learned how to use binary code to store information, but how does that work in practice?

我们已经学习了如何使用二进制代码存储信息，但是在实践中该如何工作？

The internet is like an Amazon delivery courier. Instead of shipping parcels back and forth, it ships bits. It doesn’t matter if you are sending a photo or a document — every piece of information on the internet is represented in bits. Each bit has a single binary value (zero or one), and eight bits come together to form a byte.

互联网就像亚马逊的快递员。 而不是来回运送包裹，它运送位。 发送照片或文档都没关系-互联网上的每条信息都以位表示。 每个位具有单个二进制值(零或一个)，八个位加在一起形成一个字节。

When you download a file to your computer, you are likely to see a file size in the kilobyte or megabyte range. The kilobyte is one thousand bytes, and the megabyte is one million bytes.

当您将文件下载到计算机上时，您可能会看到文件大小在千字节或兆字节范围内。 千字节为一千个字节，兆字节为一百万个字节。

The transmission of binary information can occur in one of three ways:

二进制信息的传输可以通过以下三种方式之一进行：

1. Electric transmission.
   电动变速箱。
2. Fibre optic transmission.
   光纤传输。
3. Wireless transmission.
   无线传输。

Internet service providers (ISP) supply the physical infrastructure that supports these systems.

Internet服务提供商(ISP)提供支持这些系统的物理基础结构。

每个连接到互联网的设备都有一个唯一的地址 (Every device connected to the internet has a unique address)

When you order a parcel from Amazon, the courier will use your address to deliver to the correct place. The internet works in exactly the same way.

当您从亚马逊订购包裹时，快递员将使用您的地址将其运送到正确的地方。 互联网的工作方式完全相同。

When we Google something, we send our request to a unique string of numbers, known as an IP address. These requests will include a multitude of bits and the IP address of the original device. This is like a “return address,” and the recipient can now understand where the request came from.

当我们使用Google产品时，我们会将请求发送到唯一的数字字符串，即IP地址。 这些请求将包括大量位和原始设备的IP地址。 这就像“寄信人地址”，收件人现在可以了解请求的来源。

That said, when we want to visit Google, we don’t type a string of numbers into the browser. So, how do our computers know where to send each request?

就是说，当我们要访问Google时，我们不会在浏览器中输入数字字符串。 那么，我们的计算机如何知道将每个请求发送到哪里？

互联网通过一系列协议和检查点运行 (The internet works via a series of protocols and checkpoints)

The domain name system (DNS) converts human readable web addresses into numerical IP addresses. In the event that the DNS doesn’t know the address, it will engage a network of connected servers to find the answer.

域名系统(DNS)将人类可读的网址转换为数字IP地址。 如果DNS不知道地址，它将与连接的服务器网络联系以找到答案。

When two devices communicate, they send information in packets. We often need to break information into multiple packets. Each one will contain bytes of the information and both the sending and receiving IP addresses.

当两个设备通信时，它们以分组的形式发送信息。 我们经常需要将信息分成多个数据包。 每个将包含信息的字节以及发送和接收IP地址。

Packets move through the network of devices by making use of a traffic management system. Routers track the paths that packets may take, and identify the “cheapest” route. The cheapest route is often defined as the path with the least congestion. When managing packets, routers may also consider non-technical factors, such as international politics.

数据包通过使用流量管理系统在设备网络中移动。 路由器跟踪数据包可能采用的路径，并确定“最便宜”的路由。 最便宜的路线通常被定义为拥塞最少的路线。 在管理数据包时，路由器可能还会考虑非技术因素，例如国际政治。

Packets may take different routes through the network, and often arrive at their destination out of sequence. How does the network handle that?

数据包可能会通过网络采用不同的路由，并且常常会不按顺序到达其目的地。 网络如何处理？

The transmission control protocol (TCP) acts as an inventory check. If all packets are present, TCP sends an acknowledgement of receipt to the sending device. If not, TCP will “refuse to sign” for the delivery and will request all missing packets.

传输控制协议(TCP)用作清单检查。 如果所有数据包都存在，则TCP将接收确认发送到发送设备。 否则，TCP将“拒绝签名”以进行传送，并将请求所有丢失的数据包。

In summary, the domain name server (DNS) translates human readable web addresses into an IP. Information is broken down, transported, and accepted in the form of packets. Packets contain binary information in the form of bits, and electric cables, fibre optic, and wireless networks send these bits between IP addresses.

总之，域名服务器(DNS)将人类可读的网址转换为IP。 信息以数据包的形式被分解，传输和接受。 数据包包含位形式的二进制信息，电缆，光纤和无线网络在IP地址之间发送这些位。

下一步是什么？ (What’s next?)

If this post helped you understand the basics, please show your appreciation with a round of applause or by following me on Twitter. Happy coding!

如果这篇文章帮助您理解了基础知识，请以掌声或在Twitter上关注我，表示赞赏。 编码愉快！

翻译自: https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/the-quick-guide-to-the-way-computers-work-for-desperate-new-coders-fcdb34cbe8a9/

30岁找不到工作很绝望